Exceptional Children and Disability Information

Other Health Impairments

Other health impairment means having limited strength, vitality or alertness, including a heightened alertness to environmental stimuli, that results in limited alertness with respect to the educational environment, that is due to chronic or acute health problems such as asthma, attention deficit disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, diabetes, epilepsy, a heart condition, hemophilia, lead poisoning, leukemia, nephritis, rheumatic fever, and sickle cell anemia; and adversely affects a child's educational performance.

Many conditions and diseases can significantly affect a child’s health and ability to function

successfully in school. Most health impairments are chronic conditions; that is, they are always present, or they recur. By contrast, and acute condition develops quickly with intense symptoms that last for a relatively short period of time. To be served under the OHI category, the student’s health condition must limit strength, vitality, or alertness to such a degree that the student’s educational progress is adversely affected. More than 200 specific health impairments exist, and most are rare (Turnball et al., 2004).

The etiology of specific health impairments varies. Most result from infections, genetic factors, environmental influences, prenatal influences, perinatal influences, and postnatal influences.

According to the U.S. Department of Education (2002), 291,474 children between the ages of 6 and 21 received special education services under the disability category of other health impairments. This makes up 5.1% of all school-age children receiving special education services. This number represents a 351 percent increase from 1990-1991, largely resulting from the inclusion of students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Turnball et al., 2004)

Due to the various types of health impairments that adversely affect children’s performances in school, no specific age of onset can be generalized to the entire school-age population that receives special education services. Some health impairments are congenital (present at birth) and other conditions are acquired during the child’s development as a result of accident, illness or unknown cause.

Males are significantly more likely than females to fall within each major disability group. The largest

disparity is within the category of emotionally disturbed, where boys comprise some 80 percent of the population. Boys also constitute 70 percent of the learning disabled population, and 60 percent of those labeled mentally retarded.

Although European Americans are proportionately underrepresented among students with disabilities, their highest representation is in the “Other Health Impairments” category.

One of the main considerations is the use of the team approach in developing and carrying out a child's educational program. The team generally includes the parents, teachers, medical professionals, and health-related professionals such as a physical therapist. Parents are critical members of the team and should be involved in all educational decisions. Sirvis (1988) noted that the team should design a program that meets the needs of the student in five basic goal areas: "(a) physical independence, including mastery of daily living skills; (b) self-awareness and social maturation; (c) communication; (d) academic growth; and (e) life skills training" (p. 400).

Interdisciplinary services such as occupational and physical therapy and speech and language therapy are of prime importance for youngsters who have physical disabilities. Another important educational consideration is placement. Educational services are provided in a variety of settings including regular classrooms, resource rooms, special classes, and other, more restrictive settings including hospital and homebound programs. Approximately 8% of students with orthopedic impairments and 18% of students with health impairments are served in home and hospital environments (Tenth Annual Report to Congress, 1988). Since educational services may include extensive medical and health-related support, arrangements often need to be made to provide these services in diverse educational settings. The need for support services is often a vital consideration in fitting a program to an individual student. Most common among the related services are transportation, physical therapy, occupational therapy, diagnostic services, school health services, counseling, and school social work services (Tenth Annual Report to Congress, 1988).

It is often necessary to modify and adapt the school environment to make it accessible, safe, and less restrictive. Accessibility guidelines are readily available, and when these guidelines are followed the environment becomes easier for the child to manage independently.

It is important that modifications be no more restrictive than absolutely necessary so that the student's school experiences can be as normal as possible. While it is necessary to stress the importance of avoiding overprotection of students with physical or health impairments, it is also important to permit students with disabilities to take risks just as their able-bodied cohorts do.

Recent advances in technology have helped to make life more nearly normal for students with physical disabilities. For example, students with cerebral palsy can use computer terminals to aid in communication. Through technology, even a person with the most severe handicaps can have greater control over communication and daily living skills.

Modifying the environment may mean providing special adaptive equipment such as specially designed desks, positioning devices, wedges, or standing tables. Adaptations also may include establishing procedures for dealing with medical emergencies when students have serious medical problems.

The topics listed are individual websites that can be accessed only by members of The National Association of Parents with Children in Special Education (NAPCSE). If you are not a member of NAPCSE, and would like to join, click here to register. Members of NAPCSE, please log in above (member login and password) to activate these, and all other websites, in our database.

AICARDI SYNDROME

Aicardi Syndrome (Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome) :Overview page providing important information on this topic.
Aicardi Syndrome Foundation
Aicardi Syndrome medical information: This site provides information on definintion, causes, treatment, and much more.
Aicardi symptom summary list: This page provides a summary, list of synonyms, and the major features.
Aicardi Syndrome and inheritance problems: General information, including associated conditions, plus inheritance patterns.
Aicardi Syndrome awareness and support group and newsletter informtion
Support group for Aicardi families : Support for Aicardi families. This group is for families to discuss information concerning their children with Aicardi syndrome
Statistics on Aicardi Syndrome
Statistics by country on Aicardi Syndrome
Associated conditions of Aicardi syndrome
First hand article on Aicardi Syndrome and a second grade girl : For those of you who don't know my daughter Hannah very well, she is considered severly delayed in all areas. That phrase, however, sounds worse than it actually is. There are lots of things Hannah can do. They just aren't the kinds of skills people use to measure success. Read and see more. This article includes pictures
United Leukodystrophy Foundation: A wealth of informtion on these diseases including Aicardi Syndrome.

ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE

Alcohol dependent :Overview page providing important information on this topic.
Diagnostic criteria for alcohol dependence: Diagnostic criteria for alcohol abuse and dependence have evolved over time. As new data become available, researchers revise the criteria to improve their reliability, validity, and precision (4,5). This Alcohol Alert traces the evolution of diagnostic criteria for alcohol abuse and dependence through the current standards of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (similarities and differences
Alcohol Abuse vs. Alcohol Dependence: This article describes the similarities and differences.

ALEXANDER DISEASE

Alexander Disease:Overview page providing important information on this topic.
Extensive article on Alexander Disease: This article includes information on genetic testing, assesment, clinical description,different forms and much more.
Overview article on Alexander Disease: Includes synonyms,general discussion and resources.
Extensive overview from the National Institude for Neurological Disorders and Stroke including: Alexander disease is a rare, genetically determined degenerative disorder of the central nervous system. It is one of a group of disorders known as the leukodystrophies, diseases that result from imperfect growth or development of the myelin sheath, the fatty covering that acts as an insulator around nerve fibers in the brain. Myelin, which lends its color to the "white matter" of the brain, is a complex substance made up of at least ten different chemicals.
National Organization for Rare Disorders
Alexander Disease Summary for Parents
Alexander Disease: Patient and parent information
Alexander Disease: Very interesting fact sheet and information including very detailed facts on such topics as life expectancy, genetics, carrier informtion,treatment,prenatal diagnosis and much more.
United Leukodystrophy Foundation: A wealth of informtion on these diseases including Alexander's Disease.

ALLERGIES

Allergies (Allergic reaction) :Overview page providing important information on this topic.
All About Allergies: A wealth of informtion, links and resources.
The Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network:The mission of this network is to raise public awareness, to provide advocacy and education, and to advance research on behalf of all those affected by food allergies and anaphylaxis.
Allergy and Asthma Resouces list: An extensive list of resources, associations, organizations and other information on these topics.
Allergy statistics
Snusitis: extensive informtion on this topic

ALPERS DISEASE

Alpers Disease:Overview page providing important information on this topic.
Alpers' Disease Information Page: From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
Alpers Disease Fact Sheet
Alpers Disease from WeBMD: this article includes informtion including synonyms
The Official Parent's Sourcebook on Alpers Disease: This is an extensive overview of a book, including table of contents, being offered for a fee for parents of children with Alpers Disease.

ANGELMAN SYNDROME

Angelman Syndrome:Overview page providing important information on this topic.
Information for Parents and Professionals
Genetic basis of Angelman Syndrome
Angelman Syndrome Foundation
International Angelman Syndrom Foundation
Facts about Angelman Syndrome
Angelman Syndrome: International groups
Angelman Syndrome resources

ARTHRITIS

Arthritis :Overview page providing important information on this topic.
Arthritis Foundation
Arthritis Society
Arthritis Research Campaign (arc): This website is for anyone who wishes to know more about arthritis, the charity and how to help find the cure. Arthritis causes long term health problems for more than one in seven adults and many thousands of children. arc is the only UK charity wholly dedicated to curing it.
Arthritis Research and Therapy: Latest research and infoirmation on this topic.
Questions and answers about Arthritis and exercise:This booklet answers general questions about arthritis and exercise. The amount and form of exercise recommended for each individual will vary depending on which joints are involved, the amount of inflammation, how stable the joints are, and whether a joint replacement procedure has been done. A skilled physician who is knowledgeable about the medical and rehabilitation needs of people with arthritis, working with a physical therapist also familiar with the needs of people with arthritis, can design an exercise plan for each patient.
Arthritis and Pain-Questions and Answers: This booklet focuses on pain caused by two of the most common forms of arthritis--osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Reactive Arthritis-Questions and Answers: This booklet contains general information about reactive arthritis. It describes what reactive arthritis is and how it develops. It also explains how reactive arthritis is diagnosed and treated. Medical terms not defined in the text are defined in the "Key Words" section. If you have further questions after reading this booklet, you may wish to discuss them with your doctor.
Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases-Questions and Answers: This fact sheet answers basic questions about arthritis and rheumatic diseases.
Statistics on Arthritis: Arthritis and chronic joint symptoms affect nearly 70 million Americans, or about one of every three adults, making it one of the most prevalent diseases in the United States. As the population ages, this number will increase dramatically.
John Hopkins Arthritis Center
All About Arthritis:If you or someone you love battles joint pain, stiffness, and/or inflammation, arthritis pain may be the cause. There are over 100 types of arthritis and rheumatic diseases including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and fibromyalgia. This site provides the latest arthritis information including the treatment options available for patients and caregivers.

ASTHMA

Asthma:Overview page providing important information on this topic.
American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology (AAAAI)
Asthma screening quiz
Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America
The Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA): This organization works with health care professionals and public health officials around the world to reduce asthma prevalence, morbidity, and mortality. Through resources such as evidence-based guidelines for asthma management, and events such as the annual celebration of World Asthma Day, GINA is working to improve the lives of people with asthma in every corner of the globe.
Asthma and Indoor Environments: Information for parnets, caregivers, professionals, and partners on information for maintaining clean environments.
Asthma support groups
Asthma-General information: This newsgroup provides a forum for the discussion of asthma, its symptoms, causes, and forms of treatment. Please note that postings to alt.support.asthma are intended to be for discussion purposes only and are in no way to be construed as medical advice. Asthma is a serious medical condition requiring direct supervision by a physician.
My Asthma :MyAsthma is a unique online community dedicated to assisting you in managing your asthma and allergies.
Asthma Control Test: The American Lung Association supports the Asthma Control Test and wants everyone 12 years of age and older with asthma to take it, no matter how well controlled you think your asthma is. Your answers to this 5-question quiz will provide you a score that may help you and your doctor determine if your treatment plan is working or if it might be time for a change.
American Lung Association

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES

Autoimmune Diseases:Overview page providing important information on this topic.
American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association
Autoimmune diseases in women-The Facts: For reasons we do not understand, about 75 percent of autoimmune diseases occur in women, most frequently during the childbearing years.
Autoimmune diseases online:A very extensive online site of autoimmune diseases
Autoimmune diseases-Questions and Answers

BLOOD DISORDERS

Blood Disorders:Overview page providing important information on this topic.
Understanding your complete blodcount-Pdf file: A very good explanation of what is involved and how to understand blood counts and blood test results.
All about blood: Everything you would ever need to know about blood including Facts About Blood and Blood Banking, Donor Screening and Deferral,Whole Blood and Blood Components, Autologous Blood
Testing of Donor Blood for Infectious Diseases, Transfusion-Transmitted Diseases, West Nile virus, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), SARS, Smallpox and Highlights of Transfusion Medicine History.
Blood and blood disorders: A complete overview of every aspect of blood, blood diseases, specific conditions and much more.
Blood disorders: 18 specific blood disorders are discussed with links and other information.
Blood disorders and diseases-A Bloodbook Guide: This site discusses numerous blood disorders and diseases in depth with excellent links to other sites on the same topic.

CANCERS OF CHILDHOOD

Cancers of Childhood:Overview page providing important information on this topic.
Unusual cancers of childhood: an excellent list of unusual cancers of childhood with excellent explanations, resources and links.
About cancer: When the body's cells become abnormal and duplicate out of control a tumour is formed, these may be cancerous (spreading) or benign (non-cancerous). Normal body cells divide in a controlled and relativly slow rate, in malignant cells the duplication is uncontrolled and often at a very rapid rate. If the tumour (also refered to as a growth or neoplasm) is malignant (spreading) the disease may develop in other parts of the body where secondary tumours may form (known as metastasis). Read much more.
Unusual cancers of childhood-Treatment and patient information : from the National Cancer Institute.
Childhood cancer: All kinds of cancer, including childhood cancer, have a common disease process - cells grow out of control, become abnormal sizes and shapes, ignore their typical boundaries inside the body, destroy their neighbor cells, and can ultimately spread (or metastasize) to other organs and tissues. As cancer cells grow, they demand more and more of the body's nutrition. Cancer takes a child's strength, destroys organs and bones, and weakens a child's defenses against other illnesses.

CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES

Congenital Heart Diseases:Overview page providing important information on this topic.
Overview of congenital heart diseases: An excellent and thorough look at all the necessary information on congenital heart diseases with resources and links.
Congenital Heart Information Network: C.H.I.N. is an international organization that provides reliable information, support services and resources to families of children with congenital heart defects and acquired heart disease, adults with congenital heart defects, and the professionals who work with them.
Congenital cardiovascular defects: Congenital means inborn or existing at birth. Among the terms you may hear are congenital heart defect, congenital heart disease and congenital cardiovascular disease. The word "defect" is more accurate than "disease." A congenital cardiovascular defect occurs when the heart or blood vessels near the heart don't develop normally before birth. From The American Heart Association.
Congenital heart disease: a very thorough guide to the various conditions including graphics. Also includes a tutorial.
American Heart Association

DIABETES

Diabetes:Overview page providing important information on this topic.
American Diabetes Association
Diabetes-the journal from the American Diabetes Association: At this site you can review current journal information as well as achived issues.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: An extensive database on the topic of Diabetes.
Juvinile Diabetes Research Foundation International: If you or someone you love has recently been diagnosed with type 1 (juvenile) diabetes, JDRF can help.
Diabetes Mall: provides extensive diabetes information, the latest research findings, a free weekly newsletter, and discounts on diabetes products.
All About Diabetes

EDUCATIONAL ISSUES

Educational Issues:Overview page providing important information on this topic.

EHLERS-DANLOS SYNDROME

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome :Overview page providing important information on this topic.
Ehlers-Danlos National Foundation
Ehlers-Danlos Support Group: This website has many purposes; to share medical information about EDS, to make you aware of various support groups and events available, to give you the latest research on EDS, some advice on how to cope with living with EDS, show available publications, and to allow you to discuss your personal issues on EDS with other people in our interactive Message Board.
Overview of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome: Includes definition, symptoms, characteristics, treatment and much more.
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome: Includes synonyms, subdivisions of the disease, and organizations associated with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

ENDROCHINE-METABOLIC DISEASES

Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases:Overview page providing important information on this topic.
Endrochine and Metabolic Diseases-Organizations: This list contains over 35 different organizations inclusing names, address, phone, fax, email, web address, publications and purpose.

EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA

Epidermolysis Bullosa :Overview page providing important information on this topic.
Overview of Epidermolysis Bullosa: Overview of this condition including background, frequency, prognsis and more.
The Epidermolysis Bullosa Web Ring: The Epidermolysis Bullosa WebRing is designed to bring together EB websites on the WWW.
National Epidermolysis Bullosa Registry: The NEBR project was created by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in September 1986. A rare diseases registry was chosen as the most effective mechanism to more rigorously characterize each of the many different forms of inherited EB which exist within the United States, as well as to determine the risks of specific clinical outcomes within different EB types and subtypes, and to promote additional research of this disease worldwide.
Epidermolysis Bullosa Home Care Program: The seriousness of the disease and the subsequent effects on the patient are largely individually-determined and therefore not suitable for a general description. The information described should therefore be regarded as the background information which is essential to provide an outline of treatment, nursing, care and support of the individual patient, to inform the patient and to draw up an individual care plan. This site deals with the way in which treatment, nursing, care and support may be implemented.
Support information on Epidermolysis Bullosa: includes orgnaizations, links, articles

EPILEPSY

Epilepsy:Overview page providing important information on this topic.
American Epilepsy Society: The American Epilepsy Society promotes research and education for professionals dedicated to the prevention, treatment and cure of epilepsy. Membership in the Society is made up of clinicians and researchers investigating basic and clinical aspects of epilepsy, and other health-care professionals interested in seizure disorders.
Epilepsy Information Page: From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Exceptional site with extensive information.
The Epilepsy Project: A very informatiove site geared for children, teens, parents, families and adults.
National Society for Epilepsy:On this site you will find up to date information on epilepsy, causes of seizures, treatment, first aid for seizures, and lifestyle issues. On this site you will find up to date information on epilepsy, causes of seizures, treatment, first aid for seizures, and lifestyle issues. On this site you will find up to date information on epilepsy, causes of seizures, treatment, first aid for seizures, and lifestyle issues.
Epilepsy Foundation: The Epilepsy Foundation will ensure that people with seizures are able to participate in all life experiences; and will prevent, control and cure epilepsy through research, education, advocacy and services.
What is Epilepsy all about: Epilepsy is a disorder in which nerve cells of the brain from time to time release abnormal electrical impulses. These cause a temporary malfunction of the other nerve cells of the brain, resulting in alteration of, or complete loss of consciousness.
Epilepsy in young children: There are currently 1811 stories on this site. In order to help you to find relevant stories for you to read, you can search for stories in different ways: by childname, by diagnosis, by treatment or by age. By combining all stories, some statistics are generated with regards to certain treatments and diagnoses. These statistics are not 'scientifically correct', and they were never intended to be.
What are the different kinds of seizures?
How is Epilepsy diagnosed?
How can Epilepsy be treated?

GENDER FEATURES

Gender Features:Overview page providing important information on this topic.

IDEA DEFINITION

IDEA Definition:Overview page providing important information on this topic.

IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME

Irritable Bowel Syndrome:Overview page providing important information on this topic.
About Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Irritable Bowel Syndrome Self Help and Support Group
Overview of Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Irritable Bowel Syndrome Association
What I need to know about IBS: Irritable bowel syndrome, or IBS, is a problem that affects mainly the bowel, which is also called the large intestine. The bowel is the part of the digestive system that makes and stores stool. The word syndrome means a group of symptoms. IBS is a syndrome because it can cause several symptoms. For example, IBS causes cramping, bloating, gas, diarrhea, and constipation.
See what others say about their experiences with IBS
Irritable Bowel Syndrome-Tips on controlling your symptoms
Irritable Bowel Syndrome Resource Center

LEAD POISONING

Lead Poisoning:Overview page providing important information on this topic.
Lead poisoning FAQ
Lead in paint, dust and soil
An explanation of blood lead tests and results
Understanding lead terminology
Environmnetal Protection Agency
Lead poisoning-Kids pages
Lead-Questionsa and Answers: from the Center for Disease Control

LYME DISEASE

Lyme Disease:Overview page providing important information on this topic.
American Lyme Disease Foundation The American Lyme Disease Foundation supports research and plays a key role in providing reliable and scientifically accurate information to the public and health care provider.
Lyme Disease Network : The Lyme Disease Network, a non-profit foundation dedicated to public education of the prevention and treatment of Lyme disease and other tick-borne illnesses. On the Internet since 1994.
The Lyme Disease Foundation: The Lyme Disease Foundation (LDF) is a nonprofit dedicated to finding solutions for tick-borne disorders. Realizing the ability to find solutions involves a multi-discipline effort, the LDF includes the four cornerstones of progress (businesses, patients, government, and the medical community) to work together to find solutions to tick-borne disorders.
All about the Lyme Disease Test
Lyme Disease-A Patient's Guide
Tick removal-A step by step guide
Lyme Disease Glossary of terms
Lots of links on Lyme Disease: Over 12,000 links associated with Lyme Disease

MARFAN SYNDROME

Marfan syndrome:Overview page providing important information on this topic.
National Marfan Foundation
Overview of Marfan Syndrome with graphics
Quick reference and fact sheet on Marfan syndrome
Stanford University Marfan Center
Marfan Syndrome-Does diet play a role
Marfan List: Marfan-List is an unmoderated email discussion mailing list for anyone interested in the Marfan syndrome or related disorders. Subscribers may include patients with these connective-tissue disorders, family and friends of patients, researchers and health-care workers interested in the Marfan syndrome and related disorders, and anyone else wishing to know more about it. Any topic related to the Marfan syndrome and related disorders is appropriate for discussion.
Marfan Syndrome Reference Page: includes links, organizations, support groups, information and more

ORAL-FACIAL CLEFTS

Oral-Facial Clefts :Overview page providing important information on this topic.
Quick reference and fact sheet: A cleft is a separation in a body structure. Clefts that occur in the oral-facial region often involve the lip, the roof of the mouth (hard palate) or the soft tissue in the back of the mouth (soft palate).
Overview of Oral-facial clefts with pictures and diagrams
Cleft Palate
Cleft Lip and Cleft Papate

OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA

Osteogenesis imperfecta:Overview page providing important information on this topic.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta Foundation: The OI Foundation is dedicated to supporting anyone needing information about OI with FREE medically-verified responses to your individual questions.
Fast facts on Osteogenesis Imperfecta
El cuidado de Lactantes Ninos con Osteogenesis Imperfecta (Caring for Infants and Children with Osteogenesis Imperfecta - in Spanish-Pdf File)
Caring for Infants and Children with Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Osteogenesis Imperfecta Overview: from the University of Maryland School of Medicine
Osteogenesis Imperfecta Hub: link to overviews, clinical trials, images, research articles and abstracts

PREVALENCE

Prevalence:Overview page providing important information on this topic.

PSORIASIS

Psoriasis:Overview page providing important information on this topic.
The National Psoriasis Foundation : a patient-driven nonprofit organization that is the voice for the 5 million people diagnosed with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Our mission is to improve lives through education, advocacy and research.
Psoriasis FAQ
Psorasis Treatment
Psychological aspects of Psorasis
Genetics of Psorasis
Psorasis Glossary of terms
Psorasis Association

RHEUMATIC FEVER

Rheumatic Fever :Overview page providing important information on this topic.
Information from the Mayo Clinic: Rheumatic fever is a serious inflammatory condition that can affect many parts of your body — heart, joints, nervous system and skin. Although rheumatic fever can occur at any age, it most frequently occurs in children between the ages of 6 and 15 years. The disease is twice as common in females as it is in males.
General overview of Rheumatic Fever
Acute Rheumatic Fever: Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is a complication of a strep throat caused by particular strains of GAS. Although common in developing countries, ARF is rare in the United States, with small isolated outbreaks reported only occasionally.
Rheumatic Fever-Keep Kids Healthy

TUBERCULOSIS

Tuberculosis (TB):Overview page providing important information on this topic.
Tuberculosis FAQ
Information about Tuberculosis: Columbia University
Tuberculin Skin Test
Stop TB Partnership: Stop TB is a global movement to accelerate social and political action to stop the unnecessary spread of tuberculosis around the world.
About TB : From the World Health Organization
John Hopkins Center for Tuberculosis Research
Online textbook of Tuberculosis with statistical charts, diagrams and pictures

VIRAL HEPATITIS

Viral Hepatitis:Overview page providing important information on this topic.
Viral Hepatitis: from the CEnter for Disease Control
All about Viral Hepatitis with pictures and charts
Viral Hepatitis-A through E and Beyond
Journal of Viral Hepatitis
Chronic Viral Hepatitis

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